Germany and its immigrants: A socio-demographic analysis. Their dependants are also entitled to move with them. The crisis mainly seems to have affected intra-European migration, with a decrease in overall free movement within the EU and with the peripheral countries hardest hit by the crisis—particularly Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, and Spain—again becoming emigration countries (Castles et al. Leah Boustan interviewed by Tim Phillips ... 14 - 14 January 2021 / Online / Centre for Economic Policy Research and the Universities of Oxford and York . Spain, for example, registered the return of 451,000 citizens during this period, of which 94 % had resided in another EU country (Barou 2006). Finally, in recent years, the global economic crisis seems to have impacted patterns of intra-EU migration. Furthermore, migrants’ remittances were expected to benefit the national economy. The vast majority who came after the fall of the Iron Curtain originated from the former Soviet Union (Dietz 2006; Münz and Ulrich 1998). One in seven manual labourers in the UK and one in four industrial workers in Belgium, France, and Switzerland were of foreign origin in the mid-1970s (Page Moch 2003, not in table). Recent research on Polish migrants based on Dutch population registers shows that having children as well as the choice of partner are important determinants of permanent settlement (Kleinepier et al. Immigration played a central role in the Brexit movement – the recent rise in immigration was one of the defining arguments that united anti-globalists, eurosceptics and nationalists to vote the UK out of the EU. (2010). They therefore tended to be granted few rights and little or no access to welfare support (Boyle et al. The Eastern Mediterranean route refers to the sea crossing from Turkey. Furthermore, these countries were experiencing economic growth and falling birth rates, resulting in labour shortages (Castles et al. Straddling our period demarcations we discuss these migrations patterns here, as they started in this period. De Valk, H. A. G., & Díez Medrano, J. Most of the EU’s current 28 member countries produce annual statistics on immigration and emigration. The new consensus still privileges the restrictive function of immigration policy. Verwiebe, R. (2014). European Union citizens currently have the right to live and work in other EU countries - a right first established by the Treaty of Rome in the 1950s. Integration Processes and Policies in Europe, http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5/, Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute/ KNAW/UG, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21674-4_3. 2011, see www.nidi.nl for more information on the MIMOSA and IMEM projects). Mobility within Europe, in this regard, cannot be seen as separate from migration from outside the EU. The Cold War limited East-West mobility during this period. Peripheral countries have been hit particularly hard by the crisis, and an increasing tendency towards emigration can be observed from countries such as Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, and Spain. The history of Britain before the Roman invasion is known as pre-history as we lack written records before the Roman invasion. As such, intra-EU mobility and migration into the EU have become embedded in different and often opposing discourses. Castles, S., De Haas, H., & Miller, M. J. Abel, G. J., & Sander, N. (2014). In sum, although it is often assumed that linear migration trajectories between two countries are less common now (see, e.g., Pieke et al. The main destination countries were Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Switzerland. Asylum is a fundamental right and an international obligation for countries, as recognised in the 1951 Geneva Convention on the protection of refugees. In this chapter we outline the general developments of migration within and towards Europe as well as patterns of settlement of migrants. (2014, 108). The end of this third period might be the economic crisis, which so far seems to have affected mainly intra-European mobility patterns. 2004), non-EU migrants do not seem to move frequently within the EU. Immigration plummeted during the global depression of the 1930s and World War II (1939-1945). In Sweden, for example, 40 % of the foreign born were non-European by 1999, compared to only 7.6 % in 1970 (Goldscheider et al. Southern Europe thus became an attractive destination for non-European migrants, especially those from North Africa, Latin America, Asia, and—after the fall of the Iron Curtain—Eastern Europe (Castles et al. Bonifazi, C. (2008). Intra-EU migration forms a substantial share of movements to and from the majority of the countries in Fig. It was characterized by a cessation of guest worker migration and stringent entry restrictions for new migrants. Introduction. 2011). The reason why, and the development of recent interest in migration history both in popular history representations and in academic research are outlined in this paper. (2008). Where generally circular and return migration of intra-EU movers is high, this seems especially so for those who are young, single, and do not have children (see, e.g., Bijwaard 2010; Braun and Arsene 2009; Kleinepier et al. (Eds.). Each year, there is a cap on the total number of visas that the U.S. can issue. While policymakers in the European Union are working on a European Agenda on Migration to address the short- and long-term migration and asylum challenges facing the region, it has become clear that the modus operandi of the European institutions is ill equipped to respond in either a timely or comprehensive manner. Moreover, European countries are interested in highly skilled migrants in the context of a global competition for talent. About 10,000 years ago t… of 1921 favored immigration from Northern and Western Europe and restricted. Until 1973, some 1 million Greeks were working abroad (Bade 2003). Considering intra-EU mobility of third-country nationals, an upward trend is observed between 2007 and 2011. Patterns of migration from, towards, and within Europe underwent significant changes and further diversification starting in 1990. In M. Okólski (Ed.). The attraction of these countries is explained by their well-developed economies. Although European migrants returning from the colonies were often quickly able to insert themselves into the social fabric of the mother country, this was less the case for those of non-European origin who were economically and socially deprived and also often discriminated (Bade 2003). Finally it is crucial to realize that categorization of migrants into certain migration motives is rather difficult as very often multiple different reasons overlap (see, e.g., Gilmartin and Migge 2015; Santacreu et al. In the period after the Second World War, North-Western Europe was economically booming. Development of this dichotomy has important consequences for the lives of individual migrants and for social cohesion. In C. Bonifazi, M. Okólski, J. Schoorl, & P. Simon (Eds.). In M. Poulain, N. Perrin, & A. Singleton (Eds.). During this time North-Western European governments increasingly restricted migration, and migrants’ main route of entrance became family reunification and family formation. As a result, the need for adequate integration policies became apparent, and such policies slowly started to develop (see Doomernik and Bruquetas in this volume). History of the European Union. Vilar, J. As a result, they did not dispose of well-developed immigration legislation and entrance control systems. 2011). Okólski, M. (2012). [Nowadays migrants] come to Europe from all over the world in significant numbers: expatriates working for multinational companies and international organizations, skilled workers from all over the world, nurses and doctors from the Philippines, refugees and asylum seekers from African, near Eastern and Asian countries, from the Balkan and former Soviet Union countries, students from China, undocumented workers from African countries, just to single out some of the major immigrant categories (Penninx 2006, 8). The oil crisis of 1973–1974 had considerable impact on the economic landscape of Europe. The end of the Cold War, as well as the wars in the former Yugoslavia led to new flows of asylum seekers to Western Europe. The UK attracts a considerable number of migrants from ex-colonies such as India and Pakistan (Office for National Statistics 2011). Population pyramid of Romanian (a) and British (b) migrants in Spain, 2008–2011 (%). INE (Instituto Nacional de Estadística). One of the most important elements in this period has been the removal of barriers to intra-European mobility, while migration into the EU has become more restricted. It should be noted, however, that statistical data on migration and mobility in Europe is mostly incomplete, as they are based mainly on reports and registrations of the individuals concerned. Three historical periods were distinguished. Nevertheless, it did not bring East-West migration to a complete halt (Fassmann and Münz 1994). Moreover, it should be noted that these categories report only the main migration motive as captured in the official statistics. Many fail to realize this but Germany’s attitude to immigration has changed for the better because it has been pushed to do so by the EU. The fight against pollution intensifies in the 1970s. Between 1989 and 1992, for example, asylum applications increased from 320,000 to 695,000, to decline to 455,000 by the end of the decade (Hansen 2003) and increase again to 471,000 in 2001 (Castles et al. It comprises a common asylum and immigration policy, a policy towards nationals of third countries and a common external border control (Art. Half of them returned in the period after the oil crisis (ibid.). The 1971 and 1975 figures include children born in the UK, with both parents born abroad. pp 31-55 | In this period, international migration was generally viewed positively because of its economic benefits (Bonifazi 2008), from the perspective of both the sending and the receiving countries. For Spain, non-European migrants mainly originate from Morocco and Latin American countries, and Spanish migrants emigrate to Latin American countries such as Argentina and Venezuela (INE 2014). the annual number of immigrants from any given country to 3 percent of the. Santacreu, O., Baldoni, E., & Albert, M. C. (2009). Migration Policy Institute Europe, established in Brussels in 2011, is a nonprofit, independent research institute that aims to provide a better understanding of migration in Europe and thus promote effective policymaking. During this period, however, awareness also grew that immigrant populations were here to stay. 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